The Science Behind Essential Oils
Disclaimer: I am not a doctor. I encourage you to do your research on essential oils. All of the information below is research that I have done myself. I am not claiming that essential oils are going to cure or treat any illness or ailment that you may have, but how they may be beneficial for you based on science backed articles and reviews.
Hey y’all!
If you’ve been around a minute, you may have assumed that I’m an "essential oil mama"…and you would be correct. Chance are if you are near me, you’ll smell essential oils before you ever smell perfume on me. I feel that sometimes essential oils get a bad rap as “snake oil” that’s often pushed by mama-bloggers, which I totally understand because 10 years ago, I wasn’t completely on board with investing in essential oils until I did some research on how they work. Once you understand the science behind the oils, I’m sure you’ll feel more confident in adding them to your holistic toolbox in your home as well if you haven't already.
I came across a book called Healing Oils of the Bible, written by David Stewart, PhD. This book 100% made a difference for me in my oily journey and my confidence in the oils that I use. I made this graphic back in the day when I was side-hustling essential oils (no longer a side hustle of mine, though I STILL use oils almost 10 years later and still get residual checks from the work I put in all those years ago) to help get a grasp on the science of WHY oils work in the body.
While the graphic is helpful, I decided to do a bit more research on each compound so you’ll get an overview on WHY and HOW essential oils work.
Phenols
Phenols stand out for their potent antioxidant and antimicrobial capabilities, making essential oils rich in phenols excellent choices for natural disinfection and immune support. When distilled into essential oils, these compounds bring their protective prowess to us. Phenols work by neutralizing harmful free radicals in our bodies, which are unstable molecules linked to cellular damage and aging. This antioxidant action helps support overall well-being and contributes to the anti-aging effects often attributed to essential oils. According to Healthline.com article, phenol-containing compounds may have the ability to prevent cancer.
While these are some amazing benefits, due to their potency, phenol-rich oils should be used with caution and proper dilution. Consumption of phenols in it’s pure form can damage tissues including your esophagus, stomach, intestines, and other digestive organs; this is why I do NOT suggest consuming essential oils. Phenols can also be super harsh to the skin, which is why I highly suggest diluting essential oils if you use them topically.
Some studies also suggest that phenols (depending on the potency and the duration of use) can negatively impact pets - this article provides pretty good information on this topic. If you have a cat or a dog and diffuse essential oils, you may want to read through this article written by a veterinarian.
Here is a non-exhaustive list of essential oils that contain phenols that you may want to add to your essential oil arsenal: Anise, Basil, Cinnamon, Clove, Oregano, and Thyme.
Phenylpropanoids
According to the National Library of Medicine, phenylpropanoids are organic compounds produced by plants for protection against infections, ultraviolet irradiation, wounding and herbivores, making them potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulating properties. When distilled into essential oils, these compounds unleash their full potential. Phenylpropanoids work by bolstering our body's defenses against pathogens, making them a valuable tool for natural immune support. Their ability to combat harmful microorganisms lends itself to applications like disinfection and aiding in respiratory health. Furthermore, these compounds showcase anti-inflammatory actions, soothing discomfort and promoting overall wellness. Clove and cinnamon oils are prime examples of phenylpropanoid-rich oils that have been used for centuries for their health-enhancing effects. So, basically, I think of essential oils as natures Advil, which is such a blessing! Think of all of the over the counter anti-inflammatories that are routinely taken due to daily aches and pains. I would much rather grab an essential oil to use first than to pop a pill.
A non-exhaustive list of essential oils that contain phenylpropanoids: Basil, Black Pepper, Cinnamon, Clove, Fennel, and Nutmeg.
Monoterpenes
Monoterpenes, another compound found in essential oils, are celebrated for their remarkable therapeutic properties. Derived from various plants, monoterpenes are responsible for the captivating aromas that define many essential oils. But their benefits extend far beyond fragrance. Monoterpenes work synergistically to offer a range of health-promoting effects. These compounds possess anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and mood-enhancing properties, making them essential components of aromatherapy and natural health practices. When inhaled or applied topically, monoterpenes interact with our body's receptors, influencing our emotional and physical well-being. For example, the soothing scent of lavender oil can be attributed to its high monoterpene content. Additionally, monoterpenes contribute to the antioxidant defense system, neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular health. According to an article written by Michael N Gould, monoterpenes have been show to prevent carcinogenesis (the initial formation of cancer) and have been effective in treating early and advanced cancers.
Whoa. These are big claims and are very exciting (but of course, I strongly urge you to do your own research!)
A non-exhaustive list of essential oils that contain monoterpenes: Bergamot, Black Pepper, Carrot, Citrus Oils, Coriander, Cypress, Dill, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Frankincense, Marjoram, Melaleuca, Neroli, Oregano, Rosemary, and White Fir.
Sesquiterpenes
Sesquiterpenes emerge as enchanting molecules responsible for more than just captivating fragrances. With their low volatility (how quickly a substance vaporizes), sesquiterpenes linger longer in the air, offering prolonged benefits upon inhalation. They possess remarkable anti-inflammatory, grounding, and emotionally balancing properties. When inhaled, sesquiterpenes interact with our limbic system, the emotional center of the brain, promoting relaxation and harmony. Essential oils rich in sesquiterpenes, like frankincense and sandalwood, have been revered for centuries for their ability to induce a sense of tranquility and connection.
According to an NPC article, sesquiterpenes are a subclass of terpenes that have been described to have effects on the central nervous system, be antimicrobial, and demonstrate anti-tumor actions. The same article also suggests sesquiterpenes appear as potential anti-inflammatory agents with possible mechanisms involved in the modulation or suppression of elements that play a direct role in the inflammatory response, and may provide a promising approach against the development of inflammatory conditions. Translation: give me all of the sesquiterpenes, LOL!
A non-exhaustive list of essential oils that contain sesquiterpenes: Black Pepper, Cedarwood, Ginger, Helichrysum, Melissa, Myrhh, Patchouli, Vetiver, and Ylang Ylang.
Summary
There is definitely a reason why essential oils have been around for so many years, literally dating back to Biblical days. These tiny vials are literal treasure troves of diverse compounds, each contributing its’ unique benefits. Phenols, powerful antioxidants and antimicrobials, safeguard our health by neutralizing free radicals and supporting immunity. Phenylpropanoids, with their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial prowess, offer nature's defense against pathogens and discomfort. Monoterpenes, not only crafting alluring scents but also possessing anti-inflammatory and mood-enhancing qualities, serve as gateways to emotional and physical wellness. Sesquiterpenes, lingering in the air for prolonged effects, bring grounding and emotional balance, enhancing the mind-body connection.
If you were still on the fence about adding essential oils to your home, I hope this information helps you believe in the power of oils and to de-bunk the whole “snake oils” myths. I’ll have a follow-up post soon about my favorite essential oils to have in the home and which brands I trust the most.
Be blessed my friends!
Sources:
https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-phenolhttps://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-phenolhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6270723/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10335385/#:~:text=Monoterpenes%20are%20compounds%20found%20in,from%20which%20they%20are%20extracted.Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy by Monoterpenes, Michael N. Gould: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470060/?page=1Sesquiterpenes from Essential Oils and Anti-Inflammatory, Rita de Cássia da Silveira e Sá1 , Luciana Nalone Andrade2 and Damião Pergentino de, Natural Product Communications: SousaActivity, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X1501001033
